Views from the bottom
Berkecimpung dengan atom, memang sangat mengasyikkan.. Anda bisa memanipulasi atom, dapat memprediksi tingkah laku molekul, dan juga bisa menyusun satu lapisan dengan atom satu persatu. Memang sangat mempesona..
Hampir setengah abad yang lalu, di tahun 1959 tepatnya pada tanggal 29 Desember, seorang Fisikawan dan peraih nobel dalam bidang teori quantum elektrodinamik memberikan sebuah kuliah ilmiah dalam rangka pertemuan komunitas Fisika Amerika (American Physical Society) di California Institute of Technology. Dalam kuliahnya tersebut Richard P. Feynman mengekspresikan sebuah ide tentang bagaimana memanipulasi dan mengontrol sebuah objek dalam skala kecil. Ketika itu ide Feynman tersebut dianggap sebagai guyonan komunitas Fisikawan dalam eranya. Namun ide Feynman menjadi bahan pemikiran serius ketika pada tahun 1981, Binnig dan Rohrer, dua ilmuwan IBM, membuat alat yang dinamakan Scanning Tunnelling Microscopy (STM), yang berbasis pada efek quantum tunnelling. Dengan menggunakan alat ini, kita benar benar bisa melihat struktur atom dan molekul, hingga dimulailah era nanoteknologi. Pada tahun 1985, Tom Newman, seorang mahasiswa program doctoral di Stanford menggunakan electron beam sebagai pena untuk menulis sebuah kalimat pada halaman pertama “A Tale of Two Cities “ buku karangan Charles Dickens dengan ukuran 1/25000 dari ukuran pena yang biasa digunakan.
Yang sangat mengesankan, di tahun 1989, adalah ketika tim ilmuwan IBM mampu menyusun atom Xenon satu persatu menuliskan logo perusahaannya.
Melihat perkembangan teknologi yang berkembang saat ini, tidak dipungkiri lagi bahwa prediksi Feynman memang menakjubkan. Teknologi saat ini berada dalam orde teknologi nano atau teknologi yang berdasarkan pada ukuran 1/1.000.000.000 m. Mengapa teknologi nano sangat penting? Secara kimiawi, atom dan molekul berada dalam orde nano dan secara ilmu Fisika atom-atom tersebut terikat secara kuat. Dengan melihat atau menginvestigasi sebuah materi ke dalam orde nano maka kita akan dapat merekayasa dan mengontrol sebuah materi menjadi suatu bahan atau mesin dalam ukuran sangat kecil. Bahkan dimungkinkan pula dengan perkembangan teknologi nano akan tercipta sebuah mesin cerdas berdimensi molekuler yang dapat bermanfaat dalam berbagai bidang seperti biologi, kimia, mikroelektronik, optik, dan sebagainya. Sebagai contoh di sini kita tinjau perkembangan teknologi elektronika, perkembangan industri elektronik dimulai ketika ditemukannya transistor oleh Bardeen, Brattain, dan Shockley pada tahun 1947 dan ditemukannya model integrated circuit atau biasa dikenal IC pertama kali oleh Jack Kilby pada tahun 1959. Kini seiring dengan pesatnya perkembangan teknologi elektronik yang berdasarkan pada teknologi semikonduktor, peranan teknologi nano kian menjadi primadona ilmuwan untuk mengembangkan piranti elektronik yang super cepat. Perkembangan teknologi elektronik yang terkait pula dengan majunya teknologi nano dapat mengacu kepada hukum Moore yang menyatakan bahwa jumlah transistor pada suatu chip (IC) akan menjadi dua kali lipat dalam waktu 18-24 bulan. Perkembangan teknologi tersebut telah mampu menghasilkan sebuah komputer yang memiliki performance tinggi. Berbicara tentang teknologi komputer, kita selalu mengacu pada seberapa cepat kemampuan sebuah procesor. Procesor adalah sebuah piranti elektronik yang tersusun dari transistor di dalam sebuah sirkuit terintegrasi (IC). Berdasarkan data dari Intel.co, pada awal tahun 1980an kita mengenal komputer prosesor 286, komputer tersebut memiliki jumlah transistor kurang lebih 100.000 buah. Pada pertengahan tahun 1990an kita mengenal intel pentium II yang memiliki jumlah transistor 10 juta buah, pada tahun 2000an awal pentium IV lahir dengan jumlah transistor kurang lebih 100 juta buah,dan kini perkembangan prosesor komputer sudah dalam era dual core itanium yang menggunakan 2 buah prosesor dengan jumlah transistor kurang lebih 1 milyar buah. Semakin kecil dan semakin banyak jumlah transistor dalam chip menunjukan semakin tinggi pula kecepatan chip tersebut. Misal, dulu sebelum mengenal era pentium 4 prosesor komputer berada dalam orde Megahertz (106) dan setelah era pentium 4 prosesor sebuah komputer sudah mencapai orde Gigahertz (109 Hertz).
Sebuah pertanyaan muncul terkait dengan ukuran nano, mengapa sesuatu yang kecil itu cepat? Cepat disini mengacu pada waktu transit elektron di sebuah gerbang (gate) dalam transistor, misal untuk transistor berbasiskan Silicon panjang gate-nya kurang lebih 10 nm sedangkan untuk transistor berbasiskan carbon nanotube (CNT) panjang gate-nya mencapai kurang lebih 1 nm. Konsekuensi yang diperoleh dari semakin kecilnya gate sebuah transistor adalah jarak antara sumber (source) dan penguras (drain) semakin dekat maka waktu transit akan semakin cepat pula sehingga hal tersebut mempercepat kinerja dari komputer.
Hanya sekedar berbagi, inilah contoh beberapa gambar dari lab saya, dan beberapa sumber lainnya , diambil menggunakan instrumen atomic force microscopy (AFM) dan scanning tunneling microscopy (STM).
(1) struktur atom emas (2) permukaan emas
Emas memang pantas disebut logam mulia. Sederhana saja, disimpan sampai kapanpun, nilainya tidak akan berkurang. Secara kimiawi, emas, elemen bersimbol Au (latin, Aurum: bersinar) dengan nomor atom 79 sangat susah teroksidasi. Inilah alasan mengapa emas banyak digunakan sebagai pelapis komponen elektronika. Dan emas pula yang paling banyak digunakan sebagai substrate, tempat untuk mendeposisi molekul. Seperti inilah bentuk permukaan lapisan tipis emas dan struktur atomnya (3D). Semakin rata (flat) permukaan lapisan emas yang dibuat (singe crystal), akan semakin mudah untuk meng-couple molekul dan makin mudah pula untuk mengamatinya. Harga emas single-crystal ini pun sangat mahal.
Gambar berikutnya, merupakan permukaan sel darah merah manusia setelah diberikan antibiok jenis peptida, Phyllomelittin
Pemberian antibitiok, memang memberikan efek terhadap sel darah, dimana nampak permukaan sel mengalami disrupsi.
Sekilas tampak seperti bunga. Namun, ini adalah ferrite (besi) yang dideposisi diatas permukaan silicon. Formasi Ferrosilikon (FeSi) inilah yang berbentuk seperti bunga daisy.
Kalo anda mencret-mencret, bakteri inilah yang bertanggung jawab. Sekilas mirip dengan sosis, namun, ini adalah Escheria coli yang sudah dikeringkan. Ukuran satu bakteri ini kira kira 1,9 x 1 mikrometer sedang flagella-nya berukuran kira kira 30 nanometer.
Ada gula ada semut. Begitu kata pepatah. Mungkin ada benarnya Setidaknya, mungkin karena melihat struktur kristal gula ini lah para semut menjadi terpikat.
Sekilas mirip dengan hutan gundul. Ini adalah gambar 3D dari sejenis polymer (polystyrene) yang dideposisi di atas molekul bergugus asam amino pada permukaan lapisan emas Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, anda temui banyak sekali barang yang terbuat dari polymer, seperti misalnya plastik. Namun, tujuan dari project ini adalah menciptakan smart method untuk drug delivery sistem, yaitu, dimana nantinya, sebuah obat, akan dibawa masuk ke dalam tubuh manusia oleh semacam nano-mesin/nanobot, sehingga obat tersebut hanya akan sampai pada daerah/sel/jaringan yang terinfkesi tanpa mengganggu sel sehat lainnya.
Teknologi nano selain berperanan besar dalam industri elektronik juga sangat bermanfaat dalam perkembangan teknologi lainnya. Diantara manfaat dari teknologi nano adalah untuk meningkatkan kualitas sel surya dengan menggunakan carbon nanotube, membuat nanobiosensor untuk mengontrol kadar gula dalam darah, membangun chip dari bahan organic (molekuler), fabrikasi DNA, RNA untuk rekayasa genetika, dll. Namun, layaknya ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, bidang inipun memberikan implikasi yang besar di bidang moral dan etika. Saya hanya berharap, apapun hasil yang ditemukan oleh ilmuwan dari lab-nya, adalah selalu beranjak dari niat yang tulus, yaitu untuk membantu dan meningkatkan kualitas hidup umat manusia.
Salam Hangat,
Ican (DE)
Iwan (SQ)
Sumber photo:
Photo-photo diatas, selain hasil lab saya, juga beberapa yang saya ambil dari internet (www.nanotec.es) dan wikipedia (gambar nanotubes)
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